Fault tolerant control of nonlinear hydraulic systems with prescribed performance constraint.

Aiming at the low tracking accuracy and poor fault tolerance of displacement-controlled systems, this paper puts forward a fault tolerant robust controller. The influence of many uncertain factors on trajectory tracking performance have been considered, such as external disturbances, high nonlinearity, system faults, and complex modeling uncertainty of the system. First, a new finite-time observer is proposed to estimate the system states, disturbances, and system faults simultaneously. Then, an improved fast super twisting algorithm is designed to guarantee the reachability of the sliding surface in finite time. Furthermore, the prescribed performance constrained control technique is combined to ensure that the tracking error remains within the prescribed bounded range even though faults occur. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control method is validated by simulation results.

Caregiving for children through conflict and displacement: a pilot study testing the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a light touch parenting intervention for caregivers in the West Bank.

A child's adjustment to wartime stress is reliant not only on individual responses and qualities, but very significantly on the availability of support that they may receive from their parent or caregivers and quality of relationships. Strengthening parental support has the potential to be valuable. A pilot two-arm randomised controlled trial investigated the feasibility of delivering and evaluating the "Caring for Children Through Conflict and Displacement" intervention with caregivers in the West Bank. Feasibility to recruit and train non-specialist staff on-the-ground to screen families for eligibility, collect outcome data, deliver the intervention and to recruit and retain families in the study were examined. Research staff and intervention facilitators were successfully appointed in the field, screened participants and delivered the intervention to 120 caregivers, collecting outcome measures pre-and post-delivery. All families completed the outcome measures, with very little missing data. This indicated that the intervention can be delivered feasibly and evaluated with families in this humanitarian context. Preliminary outcome data showed promise that the intervention may have the potential to both improve family functioning and reduce children's problem behaviour. Implications of family-focused initiatives, particularly within a conflict/post-conflict context for the prevention of several negative health and social outcomes directions, are discussed.

Displacement behaviors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): A neurogenomics investigation of the RDoC Negative Valence Systems domain.

The current study aimed to systematically investigate genetic and neuroanatomical correlates of individual variation in scratching behaviors, a well-validated animal-behavioral indicator of negative emotional states with clear links to the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) response to potential harm ("anxiety") construct within the Negative Valence Systems domain. Utilizing data from a sample of 76 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), we (a) examined the association between scratching and presence or absence of the RS3-containing DupB element in the AVPR1A 5' flanking region, (b) utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify gray matter (GM) voxel clusters that differentiated AVPR1A genotype, and (c) conducted a VBM-guided voxel-of-interest analysis to examine the association between GM intensity and scratching. AVPR1A evidenced sexually dimorphic associations with scratching. VBM analyses revealed significant differences in GM by genotype across twelve clusters largely in the frontal cortex. Regions differentiating AVPR1A genotype showed sex-specific associations with scratching. Results suggest that sexually dimorphic associations between AVPR1A and scratching may be explained by genotype-specific neuroanatomical variation. The current study provides an example of the way in which chimpanzee research is uniquely poised for multilevel, systematic investigations of psychopathology-relevant constructs within the context of the RDoC framework.

Imprinting, latchment and displacement: a mini review of early instinctual behaviour in newborn infants influencing breastfeeding success.

UNLABELLED: Instinctive behaviours have evolved favouring the mother-infant dyad based on fundamental processes of neurological development, including oral tactile imprinting and latchment. Latchment is the first stage of emotional development based on the successful achievement of biological imprinting. The mechanisms underpinning imprinting are identified and the evolutionary benefits discussed. CONCLUSION: It is proposed that the oral tactile imprint to the breast is a keystone for optimal latchment and breastfeeding, promoting evolutionary success.

Neuroticism and stress: the role of displacement behavior.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuroticism is linked with an impaired ability to cope with stress and is an important risk factor for stress-related disorders. Hence, there is interest in exploring the behavioral correlates of neuroticism and how such behaviors may moderate the link between neuroticism and the response to stress. Displacement behavior - activity such as face touching and scratching - is important to investigate in this respect, as recent studies indicate that such behavior is linked to negative emotional states and has an important stress coping function. Here, we explored the relationship between neuroticism, displacement behavior, and stress in a healthy population of men. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional, quasiexperimentally controlled study. METHODS: We assessed participants' levels of neuroticism, and then during a Trier Social Stress Test quantified displacement behavior, physiological, and cognitive indices of the stress response; after the test we measured the self-reported experience of stress. RESULTS: Displacement behavior was negatively correlated with self-reported experience, physiological, and cognitive measures of stress and moderated the relationships between neuroticism, self-reported experience, and cognitive index of stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest displacement behavior plays an important role in shaping the link between neuroticism and the response to stress.

Lateral Attitude Change.

The authors propose a framework distinguishing two types of lateral attitude change (LAC): (a) generalization effects, where attitude change toward a focal object transfers to related objects, and (b) displacement effects, where only related attitudes change but the focal attitude does not change. They bring together examples of LAC from various domains of research, outline the conditions and underlying processes of each type of LAC, and develop a theoretical framework that enables researchers to study LAC more systematically in the future. Compared with established theories of attitude change, the LAC framework focuses on lateral instead of focal attitude change and encompasses both generalization and displacement. Novel predictions and designs for studying LAC are presented.

The validity of birth and pregnancy histories in rural Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Maternity histories provide a means of estimating fertility and mortality from surveys. METHODS: The present analysis compares two types of maternity histories-birth histories and pregnancy histories-in three respects: (1) completeness of live birth and infant death reporting; (2) accuracy of the time placement of live births and infant deaths; and (3) the degree to which reported versus actual total fertility measures differ. The analysis covers a 15-year time span and is based on two data sources from Matlab, Bangladesh: the 1994 Matlab Demographic and Health Survey and, as gold standard, the vital events data from Matlab's Demographic Surveillance System. RESULTS: Both histories are near perfect in live-birth completeness; however, pregnancy histories do better in the completeness and time accuracy of deaths during the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS: Birth or pregnancy histories can be used for fertility estimation, but pregnancy histories are advised for estimating infant mortality.

Displaced aggression predicts switching deficits in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.

This study examined the relationship between task-switching abilities and displaced aggression in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (PWE). Participants (35 PWE and 35 healthy controls) performed emotion and gender classification switching tasks. People with temporal lobe epilepsy showed larger switch costs than controls. This result reflected task-switching deficits in PWE. People with temporal lobe epilepsy reported higher anger rumination, revenge planning, and behavioral displaced aggression compared with controls. Displaced aggression was a significant predictor of the task switch costs. It is suggested that displaced aggression is a significant marker of task-switching deficits.

Do displacement activities help preschool children to inhibit a forbidden action?

Displacement activities are commonly recognized as behavioral patterns, mostly including self-directed actions (e.g., scratching, self-touching), that often occur in situations involving conflicting motivational tendencies. In ethology, several researchers have suggested that displacement activities could facilitate individuals in dealing with the stress experienced in a frustrating context. In child developmental research, some authors have assessed whether distraction strategies could help children to inhibit a dominant response during delay of gratification tasks. However, little is known about the displacement activities that young children may produce in such situations. This study was aimed at investigating whether displacement activities had an effect on preschool children's ability to postpone an immediate gratification (i.e., interacting with an attractive toy, a musical box), thereby functioning as regulators of their emotional state. To this end, we administered 143 2- to 4-year-olds with a delay maintenance task and related their performance with displacement activities they produced during the task and with actions with an external object. Children's latency to touch the musical box was positively related to their rate of displacement activities. However, the rate of displacement activities increased progressively as long as the children were able to inhibit the interaction with the musical box. In addition, the rate of displacement activities during the first 1 min of test did not predict the ability of children to inhibit the interaction with the box. These results suggest that displacement activities represented a functionless by-product of motivational conflict rather than a strategy that children used to inhibit their response to an attractive stimulus.

Moral disengagement and associated processes in performance-enhancing drug use: a national qualitative investigation.

This study investigated psychosocial processes associated with avoidance of health- and morality-based deterrents to performance-enhancing drug (PED) use. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 64 English male bodybuilders with experience of doping. Resultant data were content analysed deductively using definitions for the eight mechanisms of moral disengagement (MD; Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory research and applications (pp. 71-129). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.), and three further themes from Boardley and Grix (2013. Doping in bodybuilders: A qualitative investigation of facilitative psychosocial processes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health. Advance online publication, doi 10.1080/2159676X.2013.766809). These analyses evidenced six MD mechanisms, and all three of the themes from Boardley and Grix (2013. Doping in bodybuilders: A qualitative investigation of facilitative psychosocial processes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health. Advance online publication). Subsequent frequency analyses revealed six of the eight MD mechanisms, and two of the three additional themes, were common across the sample. Overall, the findings suggest MD may help athletes circumvent health- and morality-based deterrents to doping, describe a process linking supplement and PED use and detail how some athletes may actively avoid social censure for doping by only discussing PED use with other PED users from within their training environment.

Influencia de la estructura de las redes personales sobre el desarrollo de procesos comunitarios en población desplazada / Influence of personal networks structure on the development of community processes in displaced population

El desplazamiento forzado afecta a más de 5 millones de personas en Colombia. El proceso de movilidad que experimentan los desplazados implica el debilitamiento de los vínculos con su entorno relacional y supone la privación del derecho de incidir a nivel sociopolítico. El sentido de comunidad, la participación y el empoderamiento sirven para comprender tanto el proceso de adaptación en la comunidad de destino, como el incremento de la participación comunitaria. Desde un enfoque estructural, el Análisis de Redes Sociales hace posible evaluar las redes de apoyo social de la población desplazada. Los objetivos de la investigación son (a) evaluar los tres procesos mencionados, (b) analizar las redes personales de los participantes y (c) examinar los posibles efectos que la estructura de las redes personales pueda ejercer sobre el desarrollo de los procesos comunitarios analizados. Los resultados indican que las propiedades estructurales de las redes inciden en el nivel de participación en actividades de desarrollo comunitario. Sin embargo, no se han detectado relaciones significativas entre los indicadores estructurales y los otros dos procesos comunitarios evaluados. Existen evidencias que indican que la densidad contribuye positivamente sobre la participación mientras que los parámetros de centralización afectan de forma negativa. Concluimos discutiendo el alcance de nuestros resultados para diseñar estrategias de intervención que promuevan la integración plena de los desplazados en la comunidad receptora.

Forced displacement affects over 5 million people in Colombia. The process of mobility experienced by displaced implies the weakening of the linkages with their relational environment and may involve the deprivation of the right to decide at socio-political level. The sense of community, the community engagement and the psychological empowerment display a strong potential to understand both the adaptation process in destination community, and the increase in community involvement. From a structural viewpoint, Social Network Analysis allows to evaluate the social support networks of the displaced population. The aims of this study are: (a) assess the three community processes; (b) analyze the personal networks structure of the displaced population; and (c) identify the potential effects that personal networks may exert on the development of community processes. Results suggest that structural properties of networks impact on the level of participation in community development activities. However, no significant relationships were identified between the structural measures and the other two community processes evaluated. Density contributes positively on community participation while centralization parameters affect in a negative way. We conclude discussing the applications of our results to design effective intervention strategies to promote the full integration of displaced population in the host community.

A proposal for reframing schizophrenia research.

The current schizophrenia concept is built on experts' agreement on the matter, and it is basically rooted in the epidemiological and clinical evidence. However, the numerous and intensive attempts to find the biological underpinnings of this syndrome face almost constantly a low degree of replication of the results. We have reviewed previously published work to contribute to identify some reasons underlying that failure. The difficulty in replicating biological findings in schizophrenia may relate to the intrinsic heterogeneity among patient samples, acquired through the current diagnostic criteria. As a result, the necessary replication for any finding to be accepted as characteristic data for schizophrenia would be impeded. Therefore, a new frame based on identification of correlates of the most replicated biological anomalies in schizophrenia to date may contribute to overcome those difficulties.

trazos para una metodología que permita comprender las razones de éxito y fracaso regional del control territorial de las farc-ep / features for a methodology which allows the understanding of the reasons of the regional success and failure behind the territorial control of farc-ep: the perspective of the qualitative comparative analysis (csqca)

El siguiente artículo recoge la propuesta metodológica de una investigación que se formuló con el propósito de dar cuenta de las razones que explican la diferente presencia que, a nivel territorial, expresan las Farc al término del periodo 1998-2010, tiempo en que la estrategia contrainsurgente del estado colombiano si bien logró desplazar a esta guerrilla de algunas regiones del país, en otras no lo consiguió. La perspectiva metodológica aquí planteada propone una estrategia analítica para identificar, definir y comprender las causas de la diversidad regional de la geografía de la guerra en Colombia. Tal estrategia se enfocó desde una óptica comparada a partir de un modelo desarrollado por la ciencia política denominado Conjunto de Variables para el Análisis Comparativo Cualitativo (csQCA en sus siglas en inglés, crips set of Qualitative Comprative Analysis).

The following article contains the methodological proposal of a piece of research that was carried out in order to give an account of the reasons which explain the different presence that, at the territorial level, the FARC express, at the end of the 1998 – 2010 period. That was a time in which the counterinsurgency strategy of the Colombian State even though it managed to move the guerrillas in some regions of the country, in others did not. The methodological perspective, which is posed here, proposes an analytical strategy to identify, to define, and to understand the causes of the regional diversity of the geography of the war in Colombia. Such a strategy has shifted from a comparative perspective based on a model developed by the political science called Set of Variables for Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA in its acronym in English, crips set of Qualitative Comparative Analysis).

Displacement behaviour is associated with reduced stress levels among men but not women.

Sex differences in the ability to cope with stress may contribute to the higher prevalence of stress-related disorders among women compared to men. We recently provided evidence that displacement behaviour--activities such as scratching and face touching--represents an important strategy for coping with stressful situations: in a healthy population of men, displacement behaviour during a social stress test attenuated the relationship between anxiety experienced prior to this test, and the subsequent self-reported experience of stress. Here, we extend this work to look at physiological and cognitive (in addition to self-reported) measures of stress, and study both men and women in order to investigate whether sex moderates the link between displacement behaviour and the response to stress. In a healthy study population, we quantified displacement behaviour, heart rate and cognitive performance during the Trier Social Stress Test, and used self-report questionnaires to assess the experience of stress afterwards. Men engaged in displacement behaviour about twice as often as women, and subsequently reported lower levels of stress. Bivariate correlations revealed that for men, higher rates of displacement behaviour were associated with decreased self-reported stress, fewer mistakes in the cognitive task and a trend towards lower heart rate; no relationships between displacement behaviour and stress measures were found for women. Moreover, moderation analyses revealed that high rates of displacement behaviour were associated with lower stress levels in men but not in women, and that high displacement behaviour rates were associated with poorer cognitive performance in women, but not men. These results point to an important sex difference in coping strategies, and highlight new avenues for research into sex biases in stress-related disorders.

Youths' displaced aggression against in- and out-group peers: an experimental examination.

People often displace their anger and aggression against innocent targets, sometimes called scapegoats. Tragic historic events suggest that members of ethnic minority out-groups may be especially likely to be innocent targets. The current experiment examined displaced aggression of Dutch youths against Dutch in-group peers versus Moroccan out-group peers. Participants (N=137, Mage=11.6 years) completed a personal profile that was allegedly evaluated by Dutch peer judges. After randomly receiving negative or neutral feedback from these peers, participants were given the opportunity to aggress against other innocent Dutch and Moroccan peers by taking money earned away from them. Results showed that in response to negative feedback, participants displaced aggression disproportionally against innocent Moroccan out-group targets. This effect was not driven by ethnic prejudice; in both conditions, participants holding more negative attitudes of Moroccans engaged in higher levels of aggression regardless of the ethnicity of the target.

Displacement behaviour regulates the experience of stress in men.

Behavioural coping strategies represent a key means by which people regulate their stress levels. Attention has recently focused on the potential role in coping of 'displacement behaviour' - activities such as scratching, lip biting and face touching. Increased levels of displacement behaviour are associated with feelings of anxiety and stress; however, the extent to which displacement behaviour, as a short-term behavioural response to emotionally challenging stimuli, influences the subsequent experience of stress remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of displacement behaviour in coping with stress. In a study population of 42 healthy adult men (mean age = 28.09 years, SD = 7.98), we quantified displacement behaviour during a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and used self-report questionnaires to assess trait and state anxiety before the TSST, and the experience of stress afterwards. We predicted displacement behaviour would diminish the negative impact of the stressful situation, and hence be associated with lower post-TSST stress levels. Furthermore, we predicted displacement behaviour would mediate the link between state and trait anxiety on the one hand and the experience of stress on the other. Results showed the rate of displacement behaviour was positively correlated with state anxiety but unrelated to trait anxiety, and negatively correlated with the self-reported experience of stress, in agreement with the idea that displacement behaviour has a crucial impact on regulation of stress. Moreover, serial mediation analyses using a bias-corrected bootstrapping approach indicated displacement behaviour mediated the relationship between state anxiety and the experience of stress, and that state anxiety and displacement behaviour - in combination, respectively - mediated the link between trait anxiety and experience of stress. These results shed important new light on the function of displacement behaviour, and highlight promising new avenues for research into emotional expression and stress regulation.

Latent variables affecting behavioral response to the human intruder test in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

The human intruder test is a testing paradigm designed to measure rhesus macaques' behavioral responses to a stressful and threatening situation. In the test, an unfamiliar human positions him/herself in various threatening positions relative to a caged macaque. This paradigm has been utilized for over 20 years to measure a variety of behavioral constructs, including fear and anxiety, behavioral inhibition, emotionality, and aggression. To date, there have been no attempts to evaluate comprehensively the structure of the behavioral responses to the test. Our first goal was to identify the underlying latent factors affecting the different responses among subjects, and our second goal was to determine if rhesus reared in different environments respond differently in this testing paradigm. To accomplish this, we first performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on the behavioral responses of 3- to 4-month-old rhesus macaques, utilizing data from over 2,000 separate tests conducted between 2001-2007. Using the resulting model, we then tested to see whether early rearing experience affected responses in the test. Our first analyses suggested that most of the variation in infant behavioral responses to the human intruder test could be explained by four latent factors: "activity," "emotionality," "aggression," and "displacement." Our second analyses revealed a significant effect of rearing condition for each factor score (P < 0.001); most notable socially reared animals had the lowest activity score (P < 0.001), indoor mother-reared animals had the highest displacement score (P < 0.001), and nursery-reared animals had the highest emotionality (P < 0.001) and lowest aggression scores (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that this standardized testing paradigm reveals multiple patterns of response, which are influenced by an animal's rearing history.

Public self-consciousness moderates the link between displacement behaviour and experience of stress in women.

When stressed, people typically show elevated rates of displacement behaviour--activities such as scratching and face touching that seem irrelevant to the ongoing situation. Growing evidence indicates that displacement behaviour may play a role in regulating stress levels, and thus may represent an important component of the coping response. Recently, we found evidence that this stress-regulating effect of displacement behaviour is found in men but not in women. This sex difference may result from women's higher levels of public self-consciousness, which could inhibit expression of displacement behaviour due to the fear of projecting an inappropriate image. Here, we explored the link between public self-consciousness, displacement behaviour and stress among 62 healthy women (mean age = 26.59 years; SD = 3.61). We first assessed participants' public self-consciousness, and then quantified displacement behaviour, heart rate and cognitive performance during a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and used self-report questionnaires to assess the experience of stress afterwards. Public self-consciousness was negatively correlated with rate of displacement behaviour, and positively correlated with both the subjective experience of stress post-TSST and the number of mistakes in the cognitive task. Moderation analyses revealed that for women high in public self-consciousness, high levels of displacement behaviour were associated with higher reported levels of stress and poorer cognitive performance. For women low in public self-consciousness, stress levels and cognitive performance were unrelated to displacement behaviour. Our findings indicate that public self-consciousness is associated with both the expression of displacement behaviour and how such behaviour mediates responses to social stress.

A Case of Dental Implant Complication Coexisting with an Inverted Papilloma in the Nasal Cavity / 대한이비인후과학회지

Unexpected displacement of a dental implant into the maxillary sinus is an unusual but potential complication in dental procedure. A dental implant that migrates into the maxillary sinus often develops paranasal sinusitis and cause diverse peri-implant soft tissue complications. A 59-year-old man complaining of nasal obstruction for several months presented with a huge polypoid mass in the nasal cavity. He had undergone a dental implant procedure in the maxilla at a dental clinic seven years ago. The implant fixture was found displaced to the maxillary sinus. The migrated fixture and nasal mass were removed by endonasal endoscopic surgery and mini Caldwell-Luc operation. The pathology was diagnosed as an inverted papilloma. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature regarding a dental implant complication that developed independently of sinonasal inverted papilloma.

Restoration of Facial Deformity Caused by a Radicular Cyst after Marsupialization / 대한이비인후과학회지

Radicular cyst is the most common type of odontogenic cyst. The cyst originates from the maxilla occasionally, causes facial deformation and displacement of adjacent structures. An 11-year-old girl visited the outpatient clinic with the left cheek swelling and facial asymmetry. The cheek lesion was hard, accompanied by tenderness. The computed tomography (CT) scans revealed a large unilocular radicular cyst, which involved the floor of the left maxillary sinus, the palatine and alveolar process of the left maxilla. It was treated by transnasal marsupialization under endoscopic guidance. At the one postoperative year follow-up, facial asymmetry was restored and the marsupialization site was closed. The follow-up CT scan showed that the site of a radicular cyst was restored by bone formation. Therefore, we report a case of radicular cyst accompanied with facial asymmetry, which was restored after marsupialization. We also discuss the mechanism about the restoration of facial asymmetry.